Reproduce Sound the "Old Fashioned" Way!  

Before the invention of CD players, our "ancestors" listened to music that was produced from mechanical motion. The concepts that you've read about regarding how CD players read music from your favorite compact disc were developed from the original ideas surrounding the mechanical reproduction of sound. So now, we're going to have some fun reproducing sound the "old fashioned" way!

First, let's start with some history. Thomas Edison (famous inventor - you might have heard of him) invented the phonograph in 1877. It was his favorite invention considering he was hard of hearing.

Edison's phonograph reproduced sound by using a mechanical pick-up (stylus) to track the grooves of a recording and vibrate a diaphragm to match the grooves in the recording. The diaphragm emitted sound waves from these vibrations and the sound was amplified for hearing by a mechanical horn attached to the diaphragm. The compact disc players you listen to today work in much the same way, only many of the mechanical systems that Edison used have been replaced with electrical or optical ones. The laser and optics systems that "read" the CD have replaced the stylus. The record and grooves have been replaced with the compact disc itself and the "pits" and "flats" on the CD surface.
The diaphragm and mechanical horn have been replaced with the electronic amplifier and electrically actuated speakers. But the basic principles of how to reproduce sound all started from Edison's phonograph. Our experiment is to try to make sound the same way Edison did.

Thomas Edison
invented the phonograph

What you'll need:

Empty frozen juice or soup can (clean it out first!)
Aluminum foil
Sewing needle (get your parents' permission and help!)
Record player or "Lazy Susan"
Smooth (non-corrugated) cardboard or posterboard
Old record (Journey or ABBA would work!)
Ballpoint pen cartridge
Small cork
Glue (white, super, or rubber cement will work)
Rubber bands or tape

 


To begin with, let's make the horn and diaphragm assembly. Remove both ends from either the soup can or frozen juice can (make sure the can has been cleaned and there aren't any sharp edges where the ends have been removed - safety first!). Stretch a piece of aluminum foil tightly over one end of the can and fold the foil edges down the sides of the can. Secure the foil tightly with either a rubber band or tape. Try to get the aluminum foil as taut as you can (like a drum).

The stylus is made by carefully tapping the needle through the cork until the eye end is flat with the cork surface. Be careful not to poke yourself or anyone else with the needle! Use the glue to attach the flat side of the stylus (cork/needle assembly) to the center of the diaphragm (aluminum foil/can assembly). You've just made the mechanical pickup for a phonograph!

Check out how the mechanical pickup amplifies sound! Hold the open end of the pickup next to your ear and gently scrape your finger against the stylus. That's pretty loud! Now, put the old record you've got on either a record player or centered on a "lazy susan". Carefully hold the pickup assembly at an angle and place the stylus in one of the grooves of the record. Remember to hold the pickup lightly since it is going to track the grooves in the record! Turn the record player on or spin the "lazy susan" at a constant angular speed...Bingo! You've got sound coming out of the can! Pretty cool, huh?

NOTE: This process will destroy the record, so make sure it's one you don't want to listen to again!

You can also turn the pickup you made into a recorder. Replace the needle with the ballpoint pen cartridge. Using the record as a template, cut out a circular piece of cardboard or posterboard. Cut a hole in the center of the cardboard such that it is a "blank" record. Put the "blank" record on the record player or "lazy susan". Hold the modified pickup gently at an angle on the surface of the cardboard. Turn the record player on or spin the "lazy susan" at a constant angular speed. Speak into the open end of the pickup and notice the wavy lines the pen makes as it records the sound waves of your voice to the cardboard!

 

 

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